I Meter (Smart Energy Meter)
CHAPTER
1
LITERATURE
SURVEY
The method that is followed by energy providing companies,
in this generation is, there are large numbers of employees that are placed to
take the energy meter reading manually. It is taken once in a month, throughout
the year. The readings are taken and noted in their dairy, which is then
submitted to the utility company. The bill is then printed and sent to their
respective homes. This is the process that is followed until this day.
This process has certain disadvantages. They are:
i. An
hefty amount of money is spent on employees assigned for data collection.This
is in terms of wages, allowances, perks, pensions, etc.
ii. May
take faulty reading unknowingly by an employee during data collection.That is
by noting wrong reading, cause mistakes during calculation, etc.
To overcome these drawbacks we have come with a new
method. In this method the energy meter is replaced by a new setup. This setup
provides the energy meter reading to the utility company through wireless
communication, without any human interventions. This project explains in
detail, how the data’s (energy meter reading) can be sent to utility company.
CHAPTER
2
OBJECTIVES
In
this project, the energy meter reading that is consumed by the load is send to
the energy providing company through wireless communication. The device used
for transmission of data is the Zigbee Module. The Programmable Logic
controller, controls and perform the task according to program installed in it.
The continuous energy meter reading that is consumed by the load is displayed
in the SCADA-Supervisor control and data acquisition screen.
CHAPTER
3
SMART
ENERGY METER
An
electricity meter, electric meter, or energy meter is a device that measures
the amount of electric energy
consumed by a residence,
business,
or an electrically powered device. In this project we records consumption of electric energy
in intervals of an hour or less using plc and communicates that
information at least daily back to
the utility
for monitoring and billing purposes. This smart energy meter can gather data
(energy consumption details) for remote reporting.
3.2 Principle
The
energy consumption can be sensed through a current sensor. Then this consumption
details is send through energy providing company for billing purpose by zigbee
technology. This system is controlled by program logic controller. The current
transformer is used as current sensor
3.3. Block
diagram
Fig no: 3.1 Block Diagram of proposed system.
S1 - supply of user 1
S2 - supply of user 2
SCC - Signal condition circuit
C.T - Current Transformer
P.T - Potential Transformer
PLC - Program Logic Controller
3.4 Working
The consumer provide 230V, 50Hz ac
supply, by using current transformer and potential transformer we can detect
the power consumed. This detected value is subjected to pass program logic controller
(PLC) through an analog to digital converter port (ADC port). The ADC port is
in built in the PLC. The PLC record & calculate the power consumed and
transmit the gathered data to Zigbee for billing purpose. The zigbee
transmitter transmit the gathered data in customer side and zigbee receiver receive
this data in KSEB side. By using computer in KSEB the gathered data is pass
through SCADA screen. In this side the billing purpose is take place.
3.5 Circuit Diagram
Fig no:
3.2 Circuit Diagram of proposed system.
3.5.1. Circuit
Description
The shown figure is the circuit
diagram for our proposed system. For this system we consider two users. Each
user contains a Current transformer and a Potential transformer which measures
current and voltage respectively. A Programmable Logic controller (PLC) receives
the input values. According to program installed in it, an output is send
wirelessly through a Zigbee module. The
resultant value in analog form, therefore to make it into a digital form,
Signal Conditioning circuit is provided. The Signal Conditioning circuit
consists of a full bridge rectifier, filter capacitor and protection circuit (variable
resistor, Zener diode). The data received wirelessly can be acquired in the
SCADA screen.
3.6 Program
3.6.1. Program Description
D110 - ADC
1
D111 - ADC
2
D112 - ADC
3
D114 - ADC
4
·
First
initialize the two output Y0 and Y1.
·
Current
and voltage values of the two loads are kept in D0, D10 and D50, D60
respectively.
·
Multiple
the register of corresponding current and voltage to get power of the
respective loads.
·
The
value is then divided corresponding to the required rate.
·
The
increment in the value is per minute, which is counted by C0. The increment in
the number of minutes is done by C1.
·
When
the switch is opened, the value of the register must be the same and not zero.
For that instruction
is used.
·
Timers
are provided to cont. the delay in the respective register.
·
RESET
code is given to clear the register after every process.
CHAPTER
4
COMPONENT
DESCRIPTION
4.1 Current transformer
(CT):
It is a transformer
which converts the primary current into a smaller secondary current.
|
Fig no: 4.1
for current sensing logic
|
A transformer is a device which consists of two windings called primary
and secondary. It transfers energy from one side to another with suitable
change in the level of current or voltage. A current transformer basically has
a primary coil of one or more turns of heavy cross-sectional area. In some, the
bar carrying high current may act as a primary. This connected in series with
the line carrying high current
4.2
Potential transformer (PT):
It is used to primary
alternating voltage into a fixed proportion for measurement purpose
 |
The construction of PT is similar
to normal transformer. These are extremely accurate ratio step down
transformers. The windings are low power rating windings. Primary winding
consist of large number of turns while secondary has less number of turns. The
primary is connected to the low range voltmeter coil. One end of secondary is
always grounded for safety purpose.
4.3 Signal Condition Circuit (SCC):
Signal conditioning means manipulating an analog signal in such a way
that it meets the requirements of the next stage for further processing. Most
common use is in analog to digital converters. SCC consist three basic parts
rectifier, filter and protective circuit. In this project 3NXW10 IC is used as a rectifier, capacitive
filters of 1000 uF is used as filter, zener diode and 1K potentiometer is used
as protective circuit.
4.3.1 Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating
current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers
take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor
diodes, silicon-controlled
rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Fig no: 4.3 Bride Rectifier (DB106)
4.3.2 Capacitor Filter
The simple capacitor filter is the
most basic type of power supply filter. The application of the simple capacitor
filter is very limited. The capacitor filter is also used where the
power-supply ripple frequency is not critical; this frequency can be relatively
high. Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter. When this filter is used,
the RC charge time of the filter capacitor (C1) must be short and the RC
discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action. In other words, the
capacitor must charge up fast, preferably with no discharge at all. Better
filtering also results when the input frequency is high; therefore, the
full-wave rectifier output is easier to filter than that of the half-wave
rectifier because of its higher frequency
4.4 RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated
switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control circuit by a low-power
signal or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.in project we
use the relay FRM1H-1CS2-DC12V
FRM1H-Relay model
1C - CONTACT ARRANGEMENT - 1C: 1 Form C, 1A: 1 Form A
S - NIL: DUST COVER, S: SEALED TYPE
2 - TERMINAL SPACE IS 5.0mm
DC12V - RATED VOLTAGE
FEATURES
Miniature high power relay with big performance in small package
High contact capacity
Designed for the use of heavy duty
Slim type and low cost
Dust cover and sealed type is available
4.5 Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC)
A
programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital
computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of
machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs
are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the
PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended
temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration
and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in
battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory.
The
PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas and appropriate circuits to receive
input/output data. We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of
hundreds or thousands of separate relays, counters, timers and data storage
locations. The schematic view of PLC as shown below.
Fig no: 4.5 Architecture of PLC
INPUT RELAYS-These are connected to the outside world. They physically
exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc. Typically they are not
relays but rather they are transistors.
INTERNAL UTILITY RELAYS- These do not receive signals from the outside
world nor do they physically exist. They are simulated relays and are what
enables a PLC to eliminate external relays. There are also some special relays
that are dedicated to performing only one task. Some are always on while some
are always off. Some are on only once during power-on and are typically used
for initializing data that was stored.
COUNTERS-These again do not physically exist. They are simulated counters
and they can be programmed to count pulses. Typically these counters can count
up, down or both up and down. Since they are simulated they are limited in
their counting speed. Some manufacturers also include high-speed counters that
are hardware based. We can think of these as physically existing. Most times
these counters can count up, down or up and down.
TIMERS-These also do not physically exist. They come in many varieties and
increments. The most common type is an on-delay type. Others include off-delay
and both retentive and no retentive types. Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.
OUTPUT RELAYS (coils) - these are connected to the outside world. They
physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc. They can be
transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model chosen.
DATA STORAGE-Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data.
They are usually used as temporary storage for math or data manipulation. They
can also typically be used to store data when power is removed from the PLC.
Upon power-up they will still have the same contents as before power was
removed.
4.5.1 PLC
Operation
A PLC works by continually scanning a program. We can think
of this scan cycle as consisting of 3 important steps. There are typically more
than 3 but we can focus on the important parts and not worry about the others.
Typically the others are checking the system and updating the current internal
counter and timer values.
Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM-Next the PLC executes your program one
instruction at a time. Maybe your program said that if the first input was on
then it should turn on the first output. Since it already knows which inputs
are on/off from the previous step it will be able to decide whether the first
output should be turned on based on the state of the first input. It will store
the execution results for use later during the next step.
Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS-Finally the PLC updates the status of
the outputs. It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the
first step and the results of executing your program during the second step.
Compared with electro-mechanical
relay systems, PLCs offer the following additional advantages
1. Ease of programming and reprogramming the plant.
2. A programming language that is based on relay wiring.
3. High reliability and minimal maintenance.
4. Small physical size.
5. Ability to communicate with computer systems in the plant.
6. Moderate to low initial investment cost.
7. Rugged construction.
8. Modular design.
In this project we use DVP-ES/EX PLC. DVP-ES/EX series provides MPU with 14 ~ 60 points
and 8 ~ 32 points of extension. The maximum I/O points including those on the
MPU can reach 128 points. DVP ES/EX can be used for various applications with
its different I/O points, power supply and digital I/O extension modules.
Fig
no: 4.6 Delta PLC used in this project.
4.6 Zigbee module:
Zigbee modules are designed with low to medium transmit power and for high
reliability wireless networks. The modules require minimal power and provide
reliable delivery of data between devices. The interfaces provided with the
module help to directly fit into many industrial applications. The modules
operate within the ISM 2.4-2.4835 GHz frequency band with IEEE 802.15.4
baseband
Zigbee builds on the physical
layer and media access control defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 for low rate
WPANs. The specification includes four additional key components: network
layer, application layer, Zigbee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer- defined
application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration.
ZDOs are responsible for a number of tasks, including keeping track of device
roles, managing requests to join a network, as well as device discovery and
security
Features of zigbee used in this project
§
Supply
voltages Vcc – 3.3 to 3.6 V dc
§
Operating
frequency – ISM 2.4 GHz
§
Range – 0 to
1m
§
Operating
temperature – -40 to 85 degree cercus
§
RF data rate –
250 kbps
Fig
no: 4.7 Zigbee (Xbee) Pro
Zigbee Networks
This Zigbee supports two types of networking protocols.
1. Zigbee Net
· Simple configuration and operation
· Point to point, Point to multipoint networking
2. Zigbee Mesh
Supports proprietary mesh
networking protocol
The user needs to specify the choice of the protocol before procuring the
modules. The
Default protocol provided with the module is Zigbee Net.
Zigbee Net
Net uses the simpler form of networking between Zigbee
modules and it supports Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks by
simple configuration.
Every RF
data packet sent on air contains a Source Address and Destination Address field
in its header. To send a packet to a specific module using 16-bit addressing,
set the destination address parameter to the desired address. All the modules
can be configured with their own unique 16-bit addresses. Nodes can be grouped
to communicate among themselves with the PAN ID parameter. This Zigbee module
provides 16 different channels for RF communication and each direct sequence
channel has 64K unique network addresses.
Network Types
TARANG supports the following types of networks.
1)
Unicast Network
2)
Broadcast Network
3)
Peer to peer Network or Point to point Network
In this project we use Broadcast Network
Broadcast Network
In Broadcast Network
only one module will broadcast the data to all other modules, and then each
individual module will respond to that. There is no communication between the
individual modules except “Broadcasting Module”. Consider the fig, only master
module will broadcast to all the slave modules and then each slave module will
respond to master module only. There is no communication between slave modules.
Fig
no: 4.8 Broadcast Networking
4.7 LOAD:
In this project two lamps of 60W
& 100W is used as load.
4.8 Supervisor control
and data acquisition (SCADA):
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a system operating
with coded signals over communication channels so as to provide control of
remote equipment (using typically one communication channel per remote
station). The supervisory system may be combined with a data acquisition system
by adding the use of coded signals over communication channels to acquire
information about the status of the remote equipment for display or for
recording functions. It is a type of industrial control system (ICS).
Industrial control systems are computer-based systems that monitor and control
industrial processes that exist in the physical world.
SCADA is software which displays
the reading of the parameters consumed by the loads. Continuous reading are
been taken, irrespective of the need of KSEB. The readings of each respective
consumer is displayed in Computers/Laptops. The previous data's or the readings
displayed in the display are automatically stored in memory, which is useful
for billing purposes, and the further needs.
CHAPTER
5
SOFTWARES
USED
5.1 WPLSoft 2.36:
WPLSoft is a program-editing software made for the Delta DVP-PLC series
used under WINDOWS. Except for general program planning and other general
functions (e.g. cut, paste, copy, multi-windows, etc.) of WINDOWS, WPLSoft, in
addition, has provided various Chinese/English commentary-editing and other
special functions (e.g. survey and edit the listed register, the setup, the
data readout, the file saving, and monitor and set up diagrams of various
contacts, etc.).
Fig no: 5.1 WPLsoft
5.2 Wonderware InTouch 10.1:
Wonderware InTouch, the quickest and easiest way to create human-machine
interface (HMI) applications for the Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP
operating systems. InTouch is a component of the Wonderware Factory Suite.
InTouch applications span the globe in a multitude of vertical markets
including food processing, semiconductors, oil and gas, automotive, chemical,
pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, transportation, utilities, and more
The InTouch Application
Manager organizes the applications you create. It also is used to configure
Window Viewer as an NT service, to configure Network Application Development
(NAD) for client-based and server-based architectures, to configure Dynamic
Resolution Conversion (DRC) and/or distributed alarming. The DBDump and DBLoad
database utilities are also launched from the Application Manager.
Fig no: 5.2 Wonderware InTouch
5.3 KEPServerEX:
This software is used to
interface PLC and SCADA. In this software displays the register in which data
is placed. This data is sent to the SCADA. Hence the KEPServerEX places the
data to be transmitted to the SCADA that is the Wonderware intouch 10.1.
Fig no: 5.3
KEPServerEX
CHAPTER
6
OVERVIEW
Using
PT and CT, the PLC calculate the energy consumption and sent it to scada screen
through the zigbee module. In final scada the ‘n’ users energy consumption data
are received this data is stored a memory location and finally issue the bill based
on this energy consumption data. This
is suitable for both mobile and stationary use.
ADVANTAGES
The number of employees required
by the utility company for taking the energy meter reading would be drastically
reduced. Therefore a hefty amount of money can be saved by avoiding the
provision of wages, allowances, perks, pensions, etc., to the employees
assigned by the utility company. Therefore a large profits can be saved by the
KSEB. Since there is no involvement of employees for taking the energy meter
reading. An accurate energy meter reading is obtained through this system. The
following below are some benefits of smart energy meter
i. Reading your meter
and generating your bill without having a representative visit your property on
a regular basis.
ii. Reducing the time
needed to handle service orders, such as starting or stopping power.
iii. Remotely checking a
meter to ensure it is working properly.
iv. Reducing the number
of vehicles on the road, resulting in less pollution and fuel savings because
in-person meter readings are not required.
v. Power outage
notification – In the event of a power outage in your area, Smart Meters help
us better manage power restoration.
vi. Reducing electricity
theft.
vii. Lot
of paper works can be reduced. Therefore data cannot get lost. It is saved in
the memory for further variation
CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION
FUTURE
SCOPE
a) Accessing energy usage information online – view your hourly and
daily usage.
b) Offering innovative rate options that meet your lifestyle – better
manage your energy usage and control your energy bill.
c) Replace zigbee with RTU.
d) Replace DVP-ES PLC with TP04P PLC
d) Replace DVP-ES PLC with TP04P PLC
e) Powerfactor measurement
CONCLUSION
By
this project we conclude that energy meter reading can be sent to the providing
company through a wireless communication. Through this system we have total
control over the distribution. The following merits we can see that the system
is of low cost and maintenance. This system can acquire accurate data's and
this data's can be stored in the computer, for further procedure (such as
billing). No paper works is required, hence saving the environment. Therefore
the wireless communication meter reading is highly required by utility
companies like KSEB, etc. Thus this system required for the future generation.
demo model
working model
REFERENCES
[1]
Dr. Péter Kádár “Smart meter based energy
management system” International
Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’11) Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria (Spain), 13th to 15th April, 2011
[2]
Ms.Karthiga
S,Mr.Vignesh S and Mr.Kiran Thomas “Automatic
energy calculations through wireless
smart meter using zigbee” International journal of computer science &
communication networks, Vol 3 pp.117-125
[3]
P.Thamarai
& R.Amudhevalli “Energy Monitoring
System using PLC & scada” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical ,Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, Vol.3,Issue 2,
February 2014
[4]
Ms.Karthiga S, Mr.Vignesh.S
“AUTOMATIC ENERGY CALCULATION THROUGH
WIRELESS SMART METER USING ZIGBEE” International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks, Vol
3(2), 117-125
[5]
Dr.S.S.Riaz Ahamed “The Role of
Zigbee Technology in future data communication system” Professor
& Head, Dept of Computer Applications, Mohamed Sathak Engg College,
Kilakarai & Principal, Sathak Institute of Technology, Ramanathapuram, TamilNadu,
India-623501
[6]
Feng Pan , Ruimin Chen “Electronic Voltage and Current
Transformers Testing Device” Received: 2 December 2011; in revised form: 7
January 2012 / Accepted: 10 January 2012 /Published: 18 January 2012
Good work
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